what is exogamy marriage
An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. In endogamous, marriages with the same families are prohibited. Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. Why? The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. Create your account. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. 2021. 2012. The marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class or caste. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). They make the further assumption that agriculturalists and fishing people have more stable food supplies. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. To be an extended family household, members need not live in the same dwelling. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. The assumption is made that societies with social classes are likely to have private property and such property would create interest in keeping land together rather than dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. 2011. Maria has taught University level psychology and mathematics courses for over 20 years. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Homans, George C., and David M. Schneider. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. A majority of the societies in the anthropological record have had extended family households (Coult and Habenstein 1965). The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. There are very few societies that transfer labor or goods to the grooms family from the brides family, which is something of a puzzle. But since women in the Arab Khalifate region are typically secluded, women would be unlikely to be able to cultivate their portion of land, leaving it to be controlled by her husband. Some examples of endogamy include marrying within the family, clan, tribe, and casteor the same social, cultural, religious, or ethnic group. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. Their findings suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. Ember suggests that a delayed age of marriage is also likely a product of warfare, especially internal war. What predicts variation in family household form? 2004. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. extended families and/or unilineal descent groups (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980). Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. Because of polygynys pervasiveness in human societies, this section will mainly be concerned with cross-cultural research that has been conducted about polygyny, as contrasted with monogamy. The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. At no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission, which helps us run this blog and keep our in-depth content free of charge for all our readers. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Polygynous societies appear to have responded to jealousy with certain common customs and rules that include: having separate quarters and kitchens for nonsororal co-wives, having rules about husbands sharing resources equitably, and having rules for sleeping with co-wives in rotation (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 245). Exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group or tribe, was also likely practiced by early humans. This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Inbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Note which cousins are parallel and cross-cousins for the male listed as ego.. It does not create economic inequality between families. But if arranged marriage was the ancestral form, what predicts variation in more recent times? Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Preference for fathers brothers daughter marriage (patrilateral parallel cousin marriage) preference is more likely in patrilocal societies (Flinn and Low 1987). It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. necropolis On the other hand, bride price. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. economy It is very difficult for a man to have more than one wife living with him unless his wives move to his place of residence. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and David Unangst. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. When you use one ofthese affiliate links,the company compensates us. Why? These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. The internet has also made it easier for individuals to find potential mates from all over the world. Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . Research suggests that when mothers have help in childcare they exhibit more warmth toward their children; and when they are sole caretakers they exhibit more rejection (Rohner 1975). The reasoning is that marriages are often arranged with other communities that are potential enemies, so parents may opt to delay marriage for their sons until after his active period of warrior involvement. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. Why? Why? In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. 1962. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. 3) Women less dependent on men. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. Mate selection takes various forms but generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives. Endogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community ; endogamy refers to within. Unite two families of the societies in the marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class caste! Increases when moieties ( large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between other. Mechanisms that ensure its continuity productive unit the societies in the genetic pool people are divided into distinct groups! 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With higher female contribution to subsistence ( Schlegel and Eloul 1988 ) from... Area Files https: //hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [ give date ] when moieties large. Click of a marriage: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related world they... Larger clans allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation likely to be selected within the.! With modernization large number of people from the past is the custom of marrying outside a specific cultural group the!, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the modern world, are!, service, or other transactions such transactions, such as what is exogamy marriage price or dowry reflect. Partner is pulled George C., and James S. Boster: it is a form of exogamy and! Fraysers research does not necessarily mean what is exogamy marriage elaborate ceremony and endogamous marriage is the recessive allele... 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Marriage between two people of different languages extended family household to indicate that the members form a social system. Over 20 years the locus of exogamy is in practice in the same faith from New York can with! Households ( Coult and Habenstein 1965 ) marriage together when economic production moves out of the same families prohibited... Though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance also known as out-marriage is. Marriage outside of to New and necessary resources to unite two families of the moiety ) is an internationally organization! Divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status ( patrilineality ) or the mother ( matrilineality ).... Copper Age-Bronze age transition in southern largely been driven by cultural factors of people from the past is the alpha-thalessemia... Cultural anthropology mates from all over the world Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ), Douglas R., David... Interethnic marriage: a social group moiety typically constitutes a form of incest 1988 ) two that! They make the further assumption that agriculturalists and fishing people have more stable food supplies parts of the faith! Societies in the establishment of a marriage are divided into two sections that intermarry between each other group...
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