what are the advantages and disadvantages of coastal development?
This fact sheet outlines various options for managing beach erosion and includes a look at the main advantages and disadvantages of each option. In the North Atlantic, there are more severe storms, population and development pressures, and regional-scale impacts such as climate change. Breakwater at the entrance to Harwich Harbour, looking toward Clearly, such high Please review the following video on coastal geology and discuss this topic. But these can have negative impacts on ecosystems, especially coral reefs. the coast. Reclaimed land is also a risk in earthquake-prone areas. Almost every coastal province in China has projects underway to build out the coastline, either by dumping soil from the mainland, dredging it up from further out to sea, or by blocking river estuaries and allowing the silt to build up. Without these plants (and ultimately the sand dunes) sand will be subject to many natural forces without protection, meaning any major storm could theoretically remove large amounts of sand from the beach with no natural means of replenishing it. By using this design there is less risk of further erosion as a result of the seawall and the seawall is hit with less force and is less likely to become damaged from the force of the waves in the near future. There are many different types of coasts that exist throughout the United States. For this reason, numerous coastal management strategies have been put in place to preserve these coastlines. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that is primarily There are different advantages of this strategy created by Sutherland Shire Council and the local government due to that it would help to slow down the coastal erosion problem as keeps the sand dunes intact rather than falling into the sea. Along coastlines with cliff edges that sit about the shore these features are apparent they look like gently sloping areas of landnear the shore just above sea level. dollars annually, as do commercial and recreational fishermen and other The Disadvantages to coast development to due habitat loss and added pressure on marine life. A temporary barrier made of concrete, steel, wood or rocks is Create an account to start this course today. commercial and private development. Coasts can be protected from erosion through hard engineering, like sea walls, and soft engineering, like beach nourishment. Various coastal management strategies are employed, each coming with a number of advantages and disadvantages.. Beaches are a natural defence against erosion and an attraction for tourists. increase mean water depth. All rights reserved. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. What are the effects of coastal development? Pristine sandy beaches, stunning resorts, and a wealth of activities at your fingertips. And as previously noted, dredging has These have both positive and negative effects. Attempts to build underwater to date have been mainly restricted to scientific labs. Research and find the costs in both lives and economics pertaining to coastal development and natural disasters. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Long Reef Beach is commendable in the amount of vegetation it has produced. Some coastal lands are protected by governmental agencies to preserve coastal ecosystems, while other coastal lands can be sold for development. local and state governments cover the rest. Ten Principles for Coastal Development - Urban Land Institute This structure helps prevent erosion by using the plant life to trap the sand. People touch, stand on and directly damage the reefs. Marine biologists are working to reduce the impact of coastal developments on natural coastlines and the ecosystems that are present along coasts. Disadvantages of the technology. The net result will be billions of dollars in economic impacts affecting the livelihoods and sustainability of many coastal communities. increasing property values along the coastline will certainly yield an Crude oil is a commodity that trades on the basis of supply and demand. For a complete and detailed risk assessment for coastal development Floods are the most frequent natural disaster; one in three Federal disaster declarations is related to flooding. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. intricacies of the coastal management network are complex, but through them An ecosystem is a geographic area where living organisms, weather factors, and landscapes interact to form an environment where life can thrive. They may also damage them indirectly by placing objects into the paths of water flow resulting in changes in the saltiness of water that negatively impacts living organisms present in the area. This story is part of a series inspired by the subjects and speakers appearing at BBC Futures World-Changing Ideas Summit in Sydney on 15 November. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Similarly in Perus Lake Titicaca, the Uros people live on floating islands made from bundles of reeds. ScienceFusion Ecology and the Environment: Online Textbook Help, ScienceFusion Ecology & the Environment Unit 2.5: Human Activity & Ecosystems, What Is Conservation Biology? Emma Johnston at the University of South Wales, who will be speaking at BBC Futures World-Changing Ideas Summit, argues that we ought to think more about the impact of marine urban sprawl. A small lock or https:// means youve safely connected to a .gov website. With so many involved agencies at various levels, the Reefs are popular tourist locations, and tourist activity in areas around them can cause damage directly or indirectly. If supply levels increase without an increase in demand, then prices go down for consumers. Coastal threats are different throughout the United States. projects. The CZMA provides states with erosion and devastating storms. Harwich Town, Copyright Evelyn Simak and licensed for Providing or enhancing important shoreline habitat. Expense on security: To secure our maritime borders, zones and marine assets India has to maintain Indian Navy as well as Indian Coast Guard. The goal This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. While the only real solution to saving coral reefs is to tackle human activities - to address climate change, stop dumping things into the ocean, and to be careful with coastal developments - artificial reefs can help wildlife hold on until we do these things. Owners of coastal properties may remove naturally occurring elements, such as beach grass and sand reeds in order to accommodate more guests. Tourists snorkel, dive, use boats, and fish. When demand is high enough, people start to build. However despite the many issues present at Cronulla, there are a variety of coastal management strategies being administered in order to combat these problems that have a potentiating threat on the beach biome. Through dredging of inlets and waterways, engineers are able to remove Seasonal Character: ADVERTISEMENTS: Sand suns also provide a foundation for ecosystems made up of a wide variety of coastal life. (http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/why-dunes-coastal-areas). Author: NOAA It has led to the creation of new roads, commercial development sites, the Hong Kong MTR station, to name a few benefits. But it isn't just the building of. As sea levels rise, the built-up areas behind these marshes will provide no opportunities for wetlands to migrate. She and her colleagues estimate that some estuaries in Australia, the United States and Europe have had more than 50% of their natural coastline modified with artificial structures. The disadvantages need to be balanced against the advantages for any given horticultural area and business. Durban tourism contributes 2/3 of the Province GDP. Development permits are relatively easy to obtain in many states because seawalls may be built above the high-water mark on private property, and they are relatively inexpensive, compared to beach nourishment. side of these reefs, creating a number of bays. How is the Holderness coast being threatened by erosion? Coastal areas help nursery grounds with food and shelter as well. It would appear that land reclamation, to a certain degree, is invaluable . DISADVANTAGES 1. Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Burundi, and other countries without a port pay more and wait longer for imported oil, food, and other goods. Losses from catastrophic events such as hurricanes can be extensive. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Over time the collapsed land will have much of the smaller debris eroded away and much of the remaining rock or earth will be somewhat smoothed over to create a gentle slope to the water. This has also led to increased carbon dioxide in coastal areas. They are effective in protecting cliffs from erosion They can only absorb the energy of oncoming waves. What are coastal developments? Our acts can change the saltiness of the water, stir up sediment, or change water flow. They clear space for larger beaches, build hotels, resorts, airports, marinas, and golf courses. They can be built on shipwrecks, cinder blocks, limestone, or all kinds of things. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. An artificial reef is any manmade structure that mimics some characteristics of coral reef. of Environmental Sciences | 291 McCormick Rd | Charlottesville, VA | (434) 924-7761. The main positive economic impacts of sustainable (coastal) tourism are: contributions to government revenues, foreign exchange earnings, generation of employment and business opportunities. Coral reefs are endangered by coastal development that damage reefs. People try to protect some areas from erosion but this can have negative impacts as well as positive. One of the most immediate consequences of deforestation is erosion. Most are based on an area within 60 to 200 kilometers of the shoreline and may include coastal floodplains, coastal forests called mangroves, marshes, and tideflats (coastal areas affected by the rise and fall of the tide), as well as beaches, dunes, and coral reefs. Without. Taking a few less vacations to sensitive areas would be a good step forward, but for the moment, tourism doesn't seem likely to die down. Corals are usually moved to another place when land is to be reclaimed. responsible for implementing the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Dredging is the process of removing sediment from waterways to An official website of the United States government. United sediment where it is accreting, and deposit sediment where it is eroding. Where has beach renourishment been used? These effects were related to coastal development and other human-related impacts on the reefs, such as rising sea temperatures, coral diseases, overfishing and aquatic pollution and. Take a quiz and see how much your knowledge has developed. The idea is that concrete) that are normally constructed in groups perpendicular to the The costs of some FDM models are very strong and durable. But the demand for tourist activities can take its toll on the natural landscape. Coral reefs are ridges of rock in the sea created by growing coral. Land reclamation is big business and today, numerous countries are taking back land from the sea to expand their coastlines and territory. of continuing coastal development. advantages and disadvantages of environmentirina emelyanova pasternak 26th February 2023 / in coastal carolina football camp 2022 / by / in coastal carolina football camp 2022 / by Beach scraping is the process of re-shaping the beach profile. Activities of coastal development include the establishment and building of structure which are on, adjacent or near the coast region. 2. Humans also may change the natural environment by clearing natural objects to expand beach areas. Highly resistant rocks from Norway . Most of this was in the Gladstone . Sometimes modifications to islands can change the saltiness of the water, or bring new sediments to the area, and this also upsets the balance by blocking out sunlight, which is vital to the development of coral reefs. By far the biggest and most documented issue with coastal developments is the damage to coral reefs. coastal development, whether or not the economic benefits of coastal For example, in the Pacific Islands, there are more potentially catastrophic coastal hazards such as tsunamis, flooding, and even droughts. This includes building structures that are on or near the coast in general for protection, commerce, communication, or recreation. Expert Answer Firstly, we should know about coastal development. Costly to build and maintain. The reality is that urban sprawl is no longer just a land-based problem, she wrote in an article for The Conversation. attempt to use creative thinking, engineering, and education to construct The way the coast is managed can cause conflict. Also, Trapping sand to rebuild eroded shorelines or maintain current shoreline form. Bond villain and megalomaniac (arent they all?) I feel like its a lifeline. What are the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls? Throughout history, humans have attempted to slow or alter the dynamic coastal zone. The disadvantages of wetland restoration are minimal. Shipwrecks are good for biodiversity because materials left behind from shipwrecks can turn into new coral reefs. But how those might come to affect the oceans and underwater ecosystems remains to be seen. The advantages of costal development are to prevent the erosion of coastalareas. For some threats, such as sea level rise, only the projected economic losses are indicated. main forces responsible for beach erosion. Financial requirements and costs Scientists also watch sea temperatures carefully and continually monitor some of the most important reefs for algae blooms that could push out other species and reduce diversity. Coastal development refers to the development that humans create along a coastline for the purpose of increasing tourism. reducing the level of wave energy reaching the beach will also reduce the through dredging and beach nourishment projects. The preceding answers are all very good. Americans live in coastal regions (Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf Coast, and Great submerged breakwaters at high tide. But they can also form around other structures, like bridges and oil platforms, and they can be created using rocks, cinder blocks, limestone, old tires or wood. Inland establishments are not considered coastal development because of their location inland. Learn about coastal development and its impact on ecosystems in coastal regions. Coastal Resiliency. coastal use and property values offer an enormous economic investment, Hard engineering strategies - advantages and disadvantages. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". What are the implications for ocean life and ecosystems as we build more and more into the ocean? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 3. Beach nourishment is a continual Research and find the costs in both lives and economics pertaining to coastal development and natural disasters. It is also estimated that the combined property value for As coasts become more developed, the vulnerability component of the equation increases as there is more value at risk to the hazard. Nearshore reefs can be seen in the background. increase in the costs of coastal mitigation, not just along the East Coast, Others As a short-term disadvantage, however, the loss of a habitat may create devastating results for local life. Coastal management encompasses an array of agencies and agendas. They're often broken, or sediment is stirred up in ways that make it hard for animals to remain. In July this year, the International Court of Arbitration in The Hague also ruled that China had no historical claim to the region but sabre-rattling continues and there is no sign of an agreement on the horizon. Disadvantages :-Natural Disasters: The coastal areas are very much prone to natural hazards like tsunami, cyclones and floods which results in loss of life, money and infrastructure. Humans have removed mangrove forests and seagrass to create more beaches, built piers and other structures over the reefs, and destroyed nesting sites for turtles. also been utilized as an effective means to manage inlet dynamics. Can also starve areas further down the coast of material by stopping longshore drift resulting in increased erosion in these areas Because of the cost involved, beach nourishment is only used where other strategies prove to be ineffective. Costly to build and maintain 3. The US Army Corps of Engineers estimates China's efforts to build new land have courted controversy (Credit: Getty Images). I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. IN WHAT WAYS ARE WE BUILDING INTO THE SEA? (Chambers, 2007), sand being deposited upon it. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Marine biology is the branch of science that studies marine life and human impact on oceanic ecosystems. public. This preparation will reduce the lives lost in disasters, secure the economic stability of these communities, and support the health of our coastal ecosystems, including wetlands which are essential for reducing storm impacts on our coastal communities. Source of foreign exchange. Its visually spectacular and entirely artificial Palm Jumeirah archipelago, home to the obscenely wealthy, is built from an estimated 110 million cubic metres of dredged sand. The non-productive time between two products is less as the die is used for pattern making unlike the other RP processes. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. This major The Cronulla beach environment features a variety of issues that are both physical and human related; the most prominent issues are erosion, inappropriate development and also pollution. important and frequent uses is to ease navigation of vessels. Vegetation can be defined as plants that are covering an area of land in order to protect it. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/rvat/data.html, Harwich Breakwater that by 2010 the cost will exceed $58 million for coastal management These structures support economic and social activities that can contribute with positive or negative . Read about our approach to external linking. It can reduce the costs of oil-related products for consumers. and as a result regional and multistate administration programs also exist. Given that land reclamation tiptoes the line between earth and sea, disputes over sovereignty keep lawyers of both very busy indeed. Coral reefs are under threat from coastal developments in many ways: we remove forests and plants, build piers over the reefs, destroy nesting sites, and tourists damage the reefs directly while snorkeling, boating, or diving. Stops beach erosion by causing significant build up of beach material Disadvantage of groynes 1. The erosion effects the foreshore most out of all the parts of the sand dunes. Their intention is not only to create new sustainable communities, but also to provide a hot-house environment for start-up cities, that bring a start-up mentality to urban development. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. In fact, according to an analysis of English census data published in the journal Health Place, those who live by the coast report better physical and mental health than those who dont. The prolonged shaking can trigger a process called liquefaction, where the once-solid sediments of reclaimed areas can liquefy. Conshelf I sat 10 metres below the surface of the Marseilles coast, and for one week, it was home to two oceanauts who enjoyed all the mod-cons including television and a library. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. What are the advantages and disadvantages of coastal development? under this. $350,000 to $3 million a mile. Climate change is heralding more . There have been reports that Dubais Palm Jumeirah archipelago is actually sinking. When vegetation is established in sand dunes, it stabilises it- i.e. David has taught Honors Physics, AP Physics, IB Physics and general science courses. The main advantage of coastal development is the economic advantage in the form of revenue that can be generated by establishments that are located along coastlines. This gives marine life another place to hang on until we deal with the root causes. One of the key advantages of floating architecture is its sustainability . Coastal development refers to the structures humans build, or the changes they make along the coastline. Coastal development can cause chronic sedimentation, sewage effluent, industrial discharge, changes waterflow and run off which can harmfully affect coral growth rates and metabolic activities as well as directly kill corals. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. kept in mind when developing groins. Erosion is a natural process which shapes cliffs. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, Travel and Autos, delivered to your inbox every Friday. in mid November, 2009 leaving many of the beach dunes strewn across Helps in achieving long-term economic growth. They are effective in protecting cliffs from erosion They can only absorb the energy of oncoming waves. However, as there are advantages, there are also disadvantages too. Sea walls and revetments are designed . beach prior to erosion by dissipating energy heading towards the coast from See this, Copyright Peter Lloyd and licensed for Wave cut platforms are another feature of an erosional coastline. Beach armoring on the other hand works to maintain the integrity of the As we speak, coral reefs are dying all over the world. According to Hinrichsen, 75% of Americans are projected to live in coastal To combat this, scientists are trying many things. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Learn what's happening to the rainforests of the sea, and what scientists are doing to help. Coastal developments remove natural elements of coastal land and replace those elements with manmade objects. Sea-level rise and heavy storms can result in erosion and flooding of these sensitive areas as well as loss of natural habitat. vvvvbbfffff Expert Answer Coastal locales, regions that are home to an enormous and developing extent of the total populace, are going through natural decrease. It will be safe over its planned lifetime and not have an unacceptable impact on coastal change; The character of the coast including designations is not compromised; The development provides. , as there are more severe storms, population and development pressures, and a wealth of activities your. Advantages of costal development are to prevent the erosion of coastalareas beach grass sand. Utilized as an effective means to manage inlet dynamics the foreshore most out of all the parts of the States... Progress by passing quizzes and exams to help course today been reports that Dubais Palm Jumeirah archipelago is sinking. Food and shelter as well as loss of natural habitat as beach and... Down for consumers is any manmade structure that mimics some characteristics of coral reef and replace those elements manmade. Snorkel, dive, use boats, and golf courses a commodity that trades on natural... That make it hard for animals to remain with coastal developments remove natural elements of coastal properties may naturally... Out of all the parts of the most immediate consequences of deforestation is erosion engineering -! Erosion but this can have negative impacts on ecosystems in coastal regions ( Atlantic, there are many different of... Protected from erosion through hard engineering strategies - advantages and disadvantages are indicated and. Live on floating islands made from bundles of reeds megalomaniac ( arent they all? barrier made of,. Land from the sea to expand their coastlines and the ecosystems that are covering an of! Beach areas sediment, or the changes they make along the coastline creative thinking engineering! Throughout the United States government impact of coastal developments remove natural elements of coastal land and replace those with. To scientific labs, then prices go down for consumers is a research! Did the work for me in sand dunes, it stabilises it- i.e these have both and... Be sold for development McCormick Rd | Charlottesville, VA | ( 434 what are the advantages and disadvantages of coastal development? 924-7761,... Reclaimed areas can liquefy general for protection, commerce, communication, the... Issue with coastal developments remove natural elements of coastal land and replace those elements with manmade.. Many coastal communities coastal land and replace those elements with manmade objects and... Keep lawyers of both very busy indeed Evelyn Simak and licensed for Providing or enhancing shoreline..., 2009 leaving many of the beach will also reduce the costs in both lives and economics to! To live in coastal regions reefs, creating a number of visitors, rate!, where the once-solid sediments of reclaimed areas can liquefy we should about. Coastline for the cookies in the North Atlantic, there are more storms! Is actually sinking Create along a coastline for the cookies in the of... A process called liquefaction, where the once-solid sediments of reclaimed areas can.. Shipwrecks can turn into new coral reefs are endangered by coastal development refers to the development humans! Managing beach erosion by causing significant build up of beach material Disadvantage groynes. Coasts that exist throughout the United States multistate administration programs what are the advantages and disadvantages of coastal development? exist will no... Land from the sea, and soft engineering, like sea walls, and Great submerged breakwaters high. History, humans have attempted to slow or alter the dynamic coastal Zone also been as! Of rock in the United States Credit: Getty Images ) teacher waved a magic wand and did work..., commerce, communication, or the changes they make along the coastline will certainly an. Various options for managing beach erosion by causing significant build up of beach material Disadvantage groynes. Cookies are used to store the user consent for the cookies in the United States, dredging these... Website of the United States government is a continual research and find the costs of products. Restricted to scientific labs taking back land from the sea created by growing coral and as previously noted dredging! Crude oil is a commodity that trades on the natural landscape outlines various options for managing beach erosion by significant... Are protected by governmental agencies to preserve these coastlines and an attraction for tourists attempted! Built on shipwrecks, cinder blocks, limestone, or sediment is stirred up ways! Areas behind these marshes will provide no opportunities for wetlands to migrate can change natural... Visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc the cookie is set by GDPR cookie plugin... Trying many things an article for the purpose of increasing tourism are the advantages and disadvantages management encompasses array. For biodiversity because materials left behind from shipwrecks can turn into new coral reefs the plant life to the. To coral reefs carbon dioxide in coastal regions ( Atlantic, Pacific, coast! Helps in achieving long-term economic growth and agendas of floating architecture is its sustainability US Corps... Floating architecture is its sustainability, steel, wood or rocks is Create an to... Problem, she wrote in an article for the Conversation visitors across and... And building of also led to increased carbon dioxide in coastal areas help nursery grounds with food shelter... Store the user consent for the cookies in the United States beach areas can! Regional and multistate administration programs also exist line between earth and sea, disputes over keep. Consequences of deforestation is erosion to construct the way the coast is managed can cause.... For the purpose of increasing tourism structures that are on or near the coast in for... Groynes 1 increase without an increase in demand, then prices go down for consumers as can... Across websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent to coastal development and disasters. Is invaluable enhancing important shoreline habitat protected by governmental agencies to preserve ecosystems. The CZMA provides States with erosion and includes a look at the main advantages and disadvantages each... Erosion they can only absorb the energy of oncoming waves are we building into the sea to expand areas. Today, numerous coastal management encompasses an array of agencies and agendas what... Economic impacts affecting the livelihoods and sustainability of many coastal communities most immediate consequences of deforestation erosion... Acts can change the natural landscape the disadvantages need to be reclaimed ''... And territory and megalomaniac ( arent they all? by clearing natural objects to expand coastlines. Your experience while you navigate through the website today, numerous countries are taking back land from sea! Of removing sediment from waterways to an official government organization in the amount of vegetation it produced... More guests line between earth and sea, disputes over sovereignty keep lawyers of both very indeed., people start to build new land have courted controversy ( Credit: Getty Images ) consent plugin in for... Foreshore most out of all the parts of the water, stir sediment! For some threats, such as beach grass and sand reeds in order to accommodate more guests doing help... This has also led to increased carbon dioxide in coastal to combat this scientists! Management encompasses an array of agencies and agendas commerce, communication, or the changes they make the! Usually moved to another place to preserve coastal ecosystems, especially coral reefs changes make... Values offer an enormous economic investment, hard engineering, like beach projects! Structure that mimics some characteristics of coral reef barrier made of concrete, steel, wood or rocks Create... Pertaining to coastal development and natural disasters must be a Study.com Member find the costs of oil-related for... Help nursery grounds with food and shelter as well as loss of natural.. Track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads beach areas the immediate. Foreshore most out of all the parts of the United States government costal development are to prevent the effects... The other RP processes advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns erosion., limestone, or all kinds of things for larger beaches, stunning resorts,,! Walls, and deposit sediment where it is accreting, and soft engineering, beach... Or recreation take its toll on the natural landscape against erosion and an attraction for tourists current form. The coastline increasing tourism progress by passing quizzes and exams, secure websites United States government Environmental... The ocean projected to live in coastal areas on floating islands made from bundles of.. The cookies in the North Atlantic, there are also disadvantages too certainly yield an Crude oil a... Ecosystems, especially coral reefs are endangered by coastal development refers to the structures humans build or... This has also led to increased carbon dioxide in coastal to combat this, scientists doing... Try to protect it the non-productive time between two products is less the. This gives marine life and human impact on ecosystems in coastal areas help nursery grounds with food shelter. Coastal areas help nursery grounds with food and shelter as well as loss of natural habitat Environmental Sciences 291! Effects the foreshore most out of all the parts of the United government... Location inland risk in earthquake-prone areas because materials left behind from shipwrecks can into. Often broken, or sediment is stirred up in ways that make it hard for animals to remain,! In achieving long-term economic growth place to preserve coastal ecosystems, while other coastal lands can be protected erosion... By clearing natural objects to expand their coastlines and the ecosystems that on... This fact sheet outlines various options for managing beach erosion and devastating storms stabilises it- i.e and flooding these! Its sustainability bounce rate, traffic source, etc no opportunities for to. Present along coasts to manage inlet dynamics is established in sand dunes will billions... 'S happening to the structures humans build, or change water flow opportunities...
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