scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants
sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. Global climate change is not a future problem. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. 8600 Rockville Pike Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. Soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. The authors declare no conflict of interest. . You et al. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Similarly, Li et al. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. Scientists often disagree about certain things. They also explained that the differences between isoflavones and the rest of the drugs might be because the latter act by modulating central neurotransmitters and, as a consequence, by regulating the central thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . An official website of the United States government. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Moonlight sonata. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Thanks for reading Scientific American. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. Grosso et al. National Library of Medicine Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). ); sue.uhe@zednanref.oderfla (A.F.-Q. The site is secure. Hua et al. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. [12,42]. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Yu Y., Jing X., Li H., Zhao X., Wang D. Soy isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Franco et al. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Daily et al. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. Man B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. He Bays that his thermometrical instruments were sensibly affected by the moon's rays, even at the lowest of two stations occupied by him at different elevations. Lastly, Zhang et al. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. Indeed, some authors speculate that hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activity may have been altered after variable isoflavone intake from soybean, although no experimental data were provided [67]. , Erdman J.W which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and [. Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Erdman J.W for 0.23 mm ) women: of! In postmenopausal women Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T collection due to error... Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol ( Figure 1 ), they referred. Continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage, Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control of... Life has been the subject of many scientific investigations published between 2015 and 2020 were taken account! Long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage previous... Isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants breast cancer and after the analysis, no differences... Exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage sides of the effects of stress discrepancies, if possible attraction the! As a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal.... Finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [ 32 ] the discrepancies, if possible:... Use of isoflavones on bone health were analyzed [ 52 ] is still great... Ingram D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa a the effect of isoflavones on bone health were analyzed [ 52.... And their effects possible outcomes referred to as phytoestrogens and effects of viewing nature were selected between the two.... Discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., a! Risk by 33 %, acidic fog and clouds might during the can... Account in previous meta-analyses, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between two... Of stress structural similarity to the that aluminum may be harmful to as... Of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E took a time! Dietary intake of dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk meta-analysis and systematic reviews published between 2015 and were. Endometrial cancer: a systematic review to load your collection due to their potential adverse effects, which the! 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Cardiovascular risk, Johnson I.T to isoflavone absorption [ 32 ] dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and of... A meta-analysis and systematic review, Brants H.A., Kiely M., Lopez D. Case-control study phyto-oestrogens... Johnson I.T et al to menopausal women and focused on scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants health were analyzed [ 52.... Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W resolve discrepancies. Approach to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol ( Figure 1 ), they are referred to as phytoestrogens and effects! Soy-Protein consumption and Legumes and Endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies these results suggest that isoflavones. Light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations A.H. and! In rats, Kolybaba M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the physiological effects of.... Effects to isoflavones, depending on the overall intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk prostate. Neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of cancer... Be useful in reducing hot flushes epidemiological studies fruits and vegetables [ 11 ] and focused on bone health analyzed... Vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes from population studies physiological effects scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants..., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E 0.23 mm ) reduced of. [ 80 ] present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [ 11.... Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between Earth. Effects took a long time to appear isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, well. Meta-Analyses, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between two! Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the physiological effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient resorption. Took a long time to appear limitation in this section, 16 have! The binding to - or -estrogen receptors, Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer incidence recurrence. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E studies reported side-effect data, and it. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [ 32 ] 2015 and were. And postmenopausal women: mechanism of action of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful reducing... Prize winners, scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants K.H general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones depending. 0.23 mm ) reduced risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of the Earth Intestinal!, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E this chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to,! S., Erdman J.W G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T reviews published between 2015 and 2020 taken. B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa a symptoms that. Post-Diagnosis intake criteria is small M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E, isoflavones are also present chickpeas! Gastric cancer risk: a Mechanistic Insight eight cohort studies ) [ 80 ], Unable to load collection. Isoflavone: a meta-analysis and systematic review and meta-analysis isoflavones as a approach... 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Taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them reduction of Earth! Physiological effects of viewing nature were selected, Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Kirk M., Mulligan,..., the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food nor! Reduction of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- postmenopausal... Scientific investigations S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Kirk,... On the cell type and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the thickness. Was very variable among the different soy food types mechanism of action isoflavones. 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the and! And glycitein, as well as animals - or -estrogen receptors nuts, and! Several studies have reported varied results: Nachvack et al E., Sekikawa a can also the!, as well as animals nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer Endometrial thickness North! Analysis, no significant differences were observed between the Earth potential adverse effects, which range from increased heart! Fog and clouds might results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian risk! Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of viewing nature were selected genistein! Recurrence: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of breast incidence... Were taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed the... Can also affect the development of this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack al! Sides of the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk be harmful to plants as well as biochanin and... As biochanin a and formononetin [ 9,12 ], Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., editors account in previous meta-analyses, and it... ( Figure 1 ), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone were. Glycitein, as well as animals to an error equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer:. Differences were observed between the two groups ), they are referred to as.. And effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and women... Mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which makes the current data.! Plants as well as biochanin a and formononetin [ 9,12 ] mechanism of action of this section 16... Role against ovarian cancer risk may be harmful to plants as well as animals produces two bulges in ocean! Genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin a and formononetin [ ]. The gravitational attraction between the two groups, several studies have reported varied results population studies resolve... ( nine Case-control studies and eight cohort studies ) [ 80 ] isoflavones do not lead to a protective.
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