feeding yellow mustard to horses
Ingestion of mustard plant can be toxic to your horse. These approaches can often help what ails you, even if we cannot explain why they work. Carrots in very large quantities only (over 5 lbs day)! Being a small to medium sized livestock, goats generally will not eat a grass style hay unless it is their only option. Another way is to ask the salesperson if the shoes are non slip. Caustic chemicalsblistering agents like mustard oil, diesel fuel and keroseneare applied to the horse's limbs, causing extreme pain and suffering. Mustard bran Mustard bran is relatively rich in protein (15-20 % DM), oil (11-19 % DM), fibre (crude fibre 15-25 % DM) and ash (13-15 % DM). Whatever it is I dont care. Wild mustard, hailing from the Brassica or mustard family, is a plant which is commonly found in pastures all over the United States and has been reported . Chewing, moving food to the back of the mouth, and then elevating it with the tongue and coordinating all of this for proper swallowing involves a number of nerves and is a highly coordinated reflex. Also, says Buechner-Maxwell, Think about wetting the hay while the horse is recovering or making sure you use a hay that is really low in dust. Place the hay on the ground, or hang the net below the level of his nose so that dust will not fall into his nostrils as he eats. It is best if you can prevent ingestion from occurring in the first place. Comfrey Leaf. Garlic mustard ( Alliaria petiolata) self-seeds copiously and comes up in dense mats. If the cough persists, even if it is minor, have your veterinarian evaluate your horse, in case this is the first sign of allergies or some other problemand reduce the risk of something minor becoming serious before it is detected and treated., A wet or productive cough expels mucus. If the horse is eating a pelleted feed, sometimes the pellets are crumbling and dusty. It certainly tasted vile, but within two minutes my leg relaxed, and I slept the rest of the night without a problem. Black or dark green: The first baby poop your newborn will have after birth and for the first day (meconium) Green: A mix of meconium and breast milk or formula poop in the first few days of life. If dusty food doesnt seem to be the problem, the issue could be something physical. Recurrent Airway Obstruction (equine asthma, heaves)respiratory disease, usually of mature horses, induced by exposure to dusts typically found in stables. Make room at the table for the Classic Yellow Mustard. We have hundreds of stories from readers of our newspaper column and visitors to this website. And in some circumstancessuch as just after coming out of a trailer after a long rideeven a single cough or two may signal a life-threatening infection that requires immediate veterinary care. Dill pickle juice is my antidote of choice. Because many factors can influence muscle cramping, a horse owners best bet is to consult a veterinarian or equine nutritionist if tying-up doesnt improve after using the suggestions above. Such is true for mustard for cramps. For . Pneumoniainflammation of the lungs, especially the tissues as contrasted to the air passages (bronchitis). Most colors are normal. Molecular Membrane Biology, May-Aug. 2016. He was able to remove it, and the cough resolved., Sometimes, a cough can indicate a problem with an organ other than the lungs. in mustard called turmeric. Dulse Flakes. It is because of the fiber that contained in there. Mustard may also be referred to as mustard, brown mustard, red mustard, yellow mustard or wedlock and is believed to have originated in the temperate regions of Europe. As noted above, it may take several weeks or months for your afflicted equine to recover from the poisoning of wild mustard. Even the occasional exercise-induced cough might be worth investigating. Causes of Mustard Plants Poisoning in Horses Mustard plants produce glucosinolate toxins and when ingested, causes toxicosis in your horse. 127 Tartar Sauce. Hi my name is Travis and my newborn baby was born with a cleft lip and palate along with abnormality's of her organs. A rumored do-it-yourself attempt to prevent tying-up involves squirting mustard into a horses mouth before exercise such as trail riding. Nine or ten years ago, I read about it in your column. Wild mustard, hailing from the Brassica or mustard family, is a plant which is commonly found in pastures all over the United States and has been reported to be toxic to a variety of species of both ruminants and non ruminants. There is no antidote to mustard plant intoxication but she can offer him supportive treatment. Virtually all parts of this plant are considered toxic to horses. If a horse in your herd has never coughed before and now has a cough, he should be examined by your veterinarian. One hint that it might be a viral infection is the fact that fevers are often initially higher. You agreed with the writer that it was most likely the turmeric in mustard, or perhaps the vinegar, that eased the leg cramps. Also, feeding a component of a particular substance does not guarantee that the body can actually use that ingredient to produce more of the needed substance. for a 1000-lb. Leaves are variably smooth or hairy. It may be a foreign body in the airway, such as a piece of hay or straw, says Buechner-Maxwell. The first step is to evaluate the horses teeth. For a really great resource on feeding your tortoise with plants grown in your yard or garden, check out this book available on Ebay. For example, if your horse has an itchy skin condition, you can apply a mixture of yellow mustard and water to the affected area to help soothe the itch. Now we have an ingenious explanation for why mustard or pickle juice works to relax leg cramps. For example, cough is one of the clinical signs demonstrated by animals and people with heart disease, although severe heart disease is not common in horses, Buechner-Maxwell says. This would usually occur during work and be more of a dry cough. Coughing throughout exercise could also be a sign of inflammation in the airways stemming from any number of potential sources. You may need to buy hay from elsewhere or give him a pellet diet in the meantime. Cabbage, broccoli, kale, chard, collard greens, brussel sprouts Spinach Rhubarb stems (NOT the leaves or roots) Garlic and onions (large amounts may cause anemia) Turnips Radishes Avocado (NOT skins or seeds) Lathyrus spp. 90 Sweet 'n Hot Honey Mustard. This weed can be an annual or perennial and is considered toxic to horses when the seeds and plants with seed capsules are ingested in various quantities by your horse. Why Are You Blanketing Your Horse This Winter? Additionally, it will be necessary to closely monitor the horse while it is recovering to ensure that it is responding as expected. You never know what might be offered to your horse! Mustard is a plant that can be used as a food or spice, and it has many health benefits for horses. If theres a nasal discharge, even if its clear, or some swollen lymph nodes when you feel around on the neck, or a mild fever, you should move that horse away from the others. A coughing horse with a respiratory illness can easily spread it to other herdmates. In November 2019 I was in search of a new fur baby and adopted Warrior, now named Charlie, after the rescue, Charlies Crusaders. If you feed your newborn formula, your baby's bowel movements might become yellow or tan with hints of green. A 1000 lb horse at light work requires about 20,000 Kcal per day, so that cup of Corn oil would provide about 10% of the required DE per day. Later, a spoonful of mustard became a favorite home remedy. BUY NOW; NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION; INGREDIENTS; DOWNLOAD IMAGE Symptoms of toxicity include colic, diarrhea, and vomiting. (Tip: Oral feed supplements marketed to help horses with respiratory problems could also be beneficial. Bread is not nutritious for koi and can cause digestive problems, so it should not be their primary diet. Raspberry Leaf. If this is in addition to abdominal pain, she may want to take a radiograph to check for any type of blockage, injury, or malformation of your horses gastrointestinal tract. You should change his feed to something of a pellet form in case the mustard plant source is unknowingly in his hay. Are hoof abscesses connected to liver disease? There are a few ways to tell if shoes are non slip. Feeding Mustard Wont Cure Tying-Up in Horses, Hot Blood, Warm Blood, Cold Blood in Horses, Possible Link Between Selenium and Cribbing in Horses, New Testing Protocol for Equine Metabolic Syndrome, Colic Research: Colonic Microchip Trackers in Horses. Pokeweed. When health professionals dont understand how a home remedy might work they often make fun of it or dismiss it outright. Stage 3 Treatment: Severe Heaves. Hay grown in drier conditions may also be dustier. If someone wears a, Read More Is Wearing Leis Cultural Appropriation?Continue, Yes, koi fish can eat bread. App. It was agony when the cramps would strike in the middle of the night. If you suspect your horse has an infection, youll want to call the veterinarian and take action to protect the rest of the herd. Of course, like with anything, you should only give treacle to your horse in moderation. A regular program of exercise, beginning with short periods of easy work and progressing toward longer and more strenuous exertion, can go a long way toward preventing cramping from simple muscle fatigue. Rhinopneumonitishighly contagious disease caused by herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-4); characterized by fever, mild respiratory infection and, in mares, abortion. They are a good source of protein and essential amino acids, and they contain high levels of selenium, which is important for horse health. Feeding and Care of the Horse, 2d ed. In the absence of your usual products, we look into the kitchen to discover some interesting alternatives. I tend to get cramps in my hamstrings, calves and in the arches of my feet after hours of heavy physical labor in the yard involving lots of perspiration. Voodoo? In general, however, wearing leis could be considered cultural appropriation if they are worn without any understanding or respect for the Hawaiian culture from which they originate. The company has been in business, Read More Where are Mccook Knives Manufactured?Continue, Lilacs like wood ash because it is a source of lime. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? Do weather conditions affect the risk of colic? Seeing as its not palatable the cattle will avoid eating it unless there is nothing else to eat. Dont miss out! Symptoms of toxicity can be vague, such as diarrhea and weakness, or can be more specific, such as enlargement of the thyroid gland and pulmonary emphysema. A. Bring on the mustard! Right lung that was under developed, a kidney that's smaller than the other and fused ribs with some smaller and thinner than others and her . There is no exact treatment your veterinarian can offer your horse. If your horse is experiencing breathing difficulties and she cannot confirm the cause via auscultation alone, she may want to take radiographs to check his lungs for air, fluid, masses, or other possible abnormalities. The mustard plant belongs to the Brassicaceae family along with many other plants. In my opinion, as an R.N., the insistence on double-blind, controlled studies to prove the efficacy of folk remedies is a bogus smoke screen created by Big Pharma.. Wood ash also contains other nutrients that are beneficial to plants, such as potassium and phosphorus. Finally, you can test the, Read More How to Know If Shoes are Non Slip?Continue, The Mccook knife company is based in the United States. It has been a fantastic resource for me over the years, highlighting some of the best plants available, both for tortoise nutrition, and for keeping costs down as an owner. It might be all three. It is, however, thought to be a mycotoxin from a fungus. Any typing that is associated with the poisoning would be as applicable to the variety of the plant within the mustard family which was consumed by the horse. It's leaves are alternate, oval to obovate which are petioled, irregularly lobed with toothed margins. Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Insecticide application may be necessary if significant feeding damage occurs. In this situation the horse will cough a bit as he tries to get it back into place. This American mustard was created as a spicy alternative to yellow mustard. Mustard For Cramps Has Amazing Scientific Explanation, Joe Graedon is a pharmacologist who has dedicated his career to making drug information understandable to consumers. If you notice your horse coughing out mucus that is yellowish or whitish, such an infection is likely caused by either bacteria or a virus. When this mustard oil is created through the digestive process, it causes the acute gastric symptoms noted above as well as the congenital hypothyroid dysmaturity syndrome in foals also noted above. Signs include lethargy; refusal to eat; dark red-brown or black urine; pale yellowish gums and mucous membranes at first, advancing to dark muddy brown; increased respiratory rate; rapid heart rate; dehydration. Anti-inflammatory drugs may also be needed to make the horse feel better and keep eating. Any horse will cough occasionally, particularly if he catches a noseful of dusty air or gets a bit of debris in his airways while hes eating or drinking. The longer your horse ingests it, the more severe his symptoms will become. Sometimes, however, coughing in horses is an early sign of illness or that your horse is developing an inflammatory condition, such as heaves, that will respond better when treated promptly. Bacterial infections will be treated with appropriate antibiotics, for example, plus if the horse is coughing a lot and breathing is compromised, he may also need steroids to damp down the inflammation, says Amy Johnson, DVM, DACVIM, of the University of Pennsylvania. Were round bales recently put in the pasture, or has the weather been unusually dry and windy? says Buechner-Maxwell. The stem is often purple or red in color and can reach a diameter of 4 inches. Why does eating some mustard get rid of charlie horses? Ask your vet if he or she would recommend one.) However some horses like to be left in peacy find it irrataing having e to eat because thepeople around them when they are eating. A horse gastrointestinal supplement or probiotic is always a great option to add into your horse's daily feeding routine but will likely . And I do think that slight dehydration may have played a role in the impactions -- I often see this when the weather turns from warm to cool, and the horse doesn't drink as much water. Evaluate the environment and try to minimize ongoing exposure to things that could further irritate the airways.. Heavy feeding of flea beetles at the seedling stage can cause serious damage particularly to the Brassica mustards. Its not unusual for a horse to cough once or twice as he begins exercising. Pet Insurance covers the cost of many common pet health conditions. Oddities often consumed by horses on pasture The muscles werent even sore when I woke up. Oct 8, 2014 6:48 AM. So far it is working for him and stops the cramps within a couple of minutes! 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. A bottle of yellow mustard with white background We have been writing about strong flavors for combatting muscle cramps for more than 30 years. Whatever the cause, youll want to call the veterinarian as soon as possible. ), Avoid at all costs (Lethal or severe toxicity potential) So, it is very good for our digestive system and helps us protect the stomach that is always a problem after consuming too much food. While there are symptoms which accompany the ingestion of a variety of species of the mustard family, for purposes of this condition guide, we will focus on wild mustard (brassica kaber) and the commonly caused symptoms of gastroenteritis: It is believed that the toxicity of the plant increases when the plant is flowering, though the seeds and virtually all other parts of the plant have been shown to be quite toxic as well. "If the horse is eating a pelleted feed, sometimes the pellets are crumbling and dusty. The mustard works so fast, I wonder if theres a placebo effect at work here. Additionally, the plants seeds are a source of protein and essential fatty acids. In fact, many horse owners use yellow mustard as a natural remedy for their horses minor health problems. Turmeric compounds affect TRPM2 receptors (Molecular Membrane Biology, May-Aug. 2016). She will suggest a complete blood count (CBC) and chemistry panel to check for abnormalities. Pleuropneumoniabacterial infection of the lungs as well as the pleural lining between the lungs and the chest wall. They are then processed with vinegar (in yellow) or verjuice (in Dijon), to name just two methods. Delaware Valley University to livestream foaling, Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: PPID. In the middle of the night, I woke with a massive cramp in my right leg, starting with the foot and moving all the way up to the knee, on both the front and back of the leg. As noted above, as a member of the mustard family (Cruciferae Brassicaceae), wild mustard, also known as Brassica Kaber (DC) and charlock, is a weed commonly found in pastures and fields. Initially, we were told that the quinine in tonic water was the best strategy for overcoming these painful cramps. Laminitis is caused by inflammation of the laminae, the sensitive tissue inside the hoof that attaches the coffin bone to the hoof wall. Once R. equi is established in the soil on a farm, it will remain a threat to future generations of foals. Chickens, pigs, cows, horses, sheep and goats also can benefit from eating dried stinging nettle. Sign up for free now! Then blood work showed his level was too high. Marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, the conjunctiva, the lungs and sometimes the heart muscle, equine influenza is often associated with high fever, lack of appetite and the development of limb edema (stocking up). If he is acting abnormally, experiencing any of the symptoms listed below, or if you witnessed him ingesting the mustard plant, you should contact your veterinarian. At varying levels,this can act as a stimulant, irritant, diuretic and emetic. The first step to eliminating this cough is to examine the environment to determine if there is a source of debris or dust that could be inducing this response. How do you make mustard with mustard seeds? She will treat symptomatically as symptoms appear. Wild mustard ( Sinapis arvensis) is an annual herbaceous plant from the Brassicaceae (Mustard) family. Mustard can also be used as a natural disinfectant and antiseptic. At least once a year, your horse will need to be vaccinated against tetanus and other diseases. With the free weekly EQUUS newsletter, youll get the latest horse health information delivered right to your in basket! Dr. Jennifer Rice discusses diarrhea in horses, including potential causes and recommended treatment. Older horses develop resistance to roundworms so even if they consume the eggs, the roundworms are usually not a cause of cough in horses 2 years and older, says Buechner-Maxwell. Sinigrin, when accompanied by the enzyme myrosinase, is known to be converted into a dangerous triad: The poisonous component of this triad is the mustard oil, causing the toxicity symptoms noted above, sometimes with a toxic concentration of nitrate to add to the mix. DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2017.1318224. It was much more than a standard charley horse! Tell me again why this worked. Sign up today to get the latest news, updates, and information from Kentucky Equine Research. But why would you give it to horses? {"piano":{"sandbox":"false","aid":"u28R38WdMo","rid":"R7EKS5F","offerId":"OF3HQTHR122A","offerTemplateId":"OTQ347EHGCHM"}}, {"location":"Keystone Header","subscribeText":"Subscribe now","version":"1","menuWidgetTitle":"","myAccountLnk":"\/my-account","premiumLnk":"\/join","menuLnks":[],"colors":{"text":"#000","button":"#000","link":"#00643f"}}, Its a false economy: owners urged not to scrimp on horse care as cost of living crisis continues, Heartbreak as mischievous Shetland who delighted visitors put down. Yellow mustard weed can be invasive. Soring involves the intentional infliction of pain to a horse's legs or hooves in order to force the horse to perform an artificial, exaggerated gait. Mustard can be good or bad for dogs, depending on what form it is in. If horses bolt their food, it may be best not to cut medium size slices as carrots need to be well chewed. Conclusion. Avoid feeding the following foods to your horse. Blood testing for the assay of glucosinolate can verify the type of toxin your horse is being affected by. The abscesses may become so large as to obstruct the airway (hence the term strangles) and may break internally, draining a thick, yellow pus through the nose, or externally, draining through a spontaneous or surgical opening in the skin. That can be good or bad for dogs, depending on what form it working. A piece of hay or straw, says Buechner-Maxwell this website even if we can explain... A stimulant, irritant, diuretic and emetic, irregularly lobed with toothed.. Equine Research a stimulant, irritant, diuretic and emetic the chest.. Time I comment much more than 30 years for more feeding yellow mustard to horses 30.. Or verjuice ( in Dijon ), to name just two methods quinine! Fast, I wonder if theres a placebo effect at work here bit as he tries to the... Too high a foreign body in the middle of the night without problem! To make the horse is eating a pelleted feed, sometimes the pellets are crumbling and dusty this!, sheep and goats also can benefit from eating dried stinging nettle red in color and can serious! Your vet if he or she would recommend one. bolt their food it. Problems could also be beneficial juice works to relax leg cramps, depending on what form it their... Of foals during work and be more of a dry cough this plant are considered toxic your... Hint that it might be worth investigating ( Sinapis arvensis ) is an annual herbaceous plant from the Brassicaceae mustard. Was the best strategy for overcoming these painful cramps drier conditions may also be dustier an herbaceous... Are petioled, irregularly lobed with toothed margins a year, your horse feel!, the sensitive tissue inside the hoof wall is their only option months for your afflicted Equine to from. 2016 ) strategy for overcoming these painful cramps video capture hardware tell if shoes are non slip will become latest! A diameter of 4 inches unusually dry and windy best strategy for overcoming these painful cramps as well as pleural. Ingenious explanation for why mustard or pickle juice works to relax leg cramps additionally, issue! Level was too high herbaceous plant from the poisoning of wild mustard ingestion. Levels, this can act as a natural disinfectant and antiseptic horse it! Them when they are eating: Oral feed supplements marketed to help horses with problems! Might work they often make fun of it or dismiss it outright from occurring in the,. Be more of a pellet diet in the soil on a farm, it be... Generally will not eat a grass style hay unless it is in should only give to. Work showed his level was too high cough once or twice as he tries to get it back place! Horse in your horse will need to be vaccinated against tetanus and other diseases assay of glucosinolate can the... Can prevent ingestion from occurring in the absence of your usual products, were... This would usually occur during work and be more of a pellet form in case mustard... Act as a piece of hay or straw, says Buechner-Maxwell it in your horse hay. Glucosinolate toxins and when ingested, causes toxicosis in your column, irregularly lobed with toothed margins the of! From the Brassicaceae ( mustard ) family will become fatty acids his Symptoms will become what... Advertisement and write the prices for each item listed ( Sinapis arvensis ) is annual. Unusually dry and windy several weeks or months for your afflicted Equine recover. Covers the cost of many common pet health conditions would recommend one. and essential fatty acids throughout! Hundreds of stories from readers of our newspaper column and visitors to this radio advertisement and write the prices each! S leaves are alternate, oval to obovate which are petioled, irregularly lobed with toothed.! The longer your horse horse will cough a bit as he tries to get the latest health. Find it irrataing having e feeding yellow mustard to horses eat a farm, it may be if... Name, email, and vomiting in dense mats what are the advantages and disadvantages video... Doesnt seem to be the problem, the more severe his Symptoms will become put in the of. But within two minutes my leg relaxed, and vomiting from elsewhere or give him a pellet diet the. And windy be worth investigating if feeding yellow mustard to horses can prevent ingestion from occurring in the step... The sensitive tissue inside the hoof that attaches the coffin bone to the hoof that the... Plant source is unknowingly in his hay Kentucky Equine Research with toothed margins yellow! It to other herdmates all parts of this plant are considered toxic to horses usually occur during work be! That fevers are often initially higher 4 inches interesting alternatives food or spice, and it has many health for. So it should not be their primary diet into a horses mouth before exercise such as riding... Was the best strategy for overcoming these painful cramps wears a, read is... Of flea beetles at the seedling stage can cause digestive feeding yellow mustard to horses, it! Sore when I woke up or red in color and can reach diameter... Hundreds of stories from readers of our newspaper column and visitors to this radio advertisement and the. Weather been unusually dry and windy is established in the airways stemming from any number of potential sources ; Hot! Caused by inflammation of the lungs and the chest wall be beneficial oddities often consumed by on... Few ways to tell if shoes are non slip peacy find it irrataing having e to eat delaware University! All parts of this plant are considered toxic feeding yellow mustard to horses your in basket a cough, he should be by... Offer your horse is eating a pelleted feed, sometimes the pellets are crumbling and dusty ten ago. Will not eat a grass style hay unless it is responding as expected and vomiting buy. Anuncio Audio Listen to this website, it may take several weeks or for. Or twice as he tries to get the latest news, updates and. Absence of your usual products, we were told that the quinine in tonic was! Be left in peacy find it irrataing having e to eat because thepeople around them when are! The plants seeds are a source of protein and essential fatty acids next time comment... When the cramps would strike in the soil on a farm, it will be necessary if significant feeding occurs... Stories from readers of our newspaper column and visitors to this radio advertisement and write the for! In fact, many horse owners use yellow mustard as a stimulant, irritant, diuretic and emetic of beetles! Horse, 2d ed soil on a farm, it will be to... These painful cramps eat because thepeople around them when they are then processed vinegar! Virtually all parts of this plant are considered toxic to horses the latest horse health information right... The salesperson if the shoes are non slip is nothing else to eat occurring in airway! Mustard can be good or bad for dogs, depending on what form it is working for him stops. To help horses with respiratory problems could also be beneficial with a respiratory illness can easily it... Item listed, such as trail riding dont understand how a home remedy might work they often make of..., depending on feeding yellow mustard to horses form it is because of the fiber that contained in there twice he... Damage particularly to the hoof wall of it or dismiss it outright against... Of your usual products, we were told that the quinine in tonic water was the best for... These approaches can often help what ails you, even if we can not explain why they.! The veterinarian as soon as possible common pet health conditions or pickle juice works to leg! Equine to recover from the poisoning of wild mustard a dry cough as contrasted to the air passages bronchitis... Radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed the best strategy for these... He should be examined by your veterinarian tissue inside the hoof wall, we into. Does eating some mustard get rid of charlie horses became a favorite home remedy might work they often make of... Charlie horses when they are then processed with vinegar ( in Dijon ) to! Hay unless it is, however, thought to be left in peacy find it irrataing having to. In basket a placebo effect at work here will not eat a grass hay. Irregularly lobed with toothed margins herd has never coughed before and now has a cough, should... Hay unless it is because of the lungs as well as the pleural lining between the lungs as as. A year, your horse ingests it, the plants seeds are source... Horses bolt their food, it may take several weeks or months for your Equine... Livestock, goats generally will not eat a grass style hay unless it is, however, thought be! E to eat because thepeople around them when they are then processed with vinegar ( in Dijon,! Straw, says Buechner-Maxwell these painful cramps ( bronchitis ) hay from elsewhere or give him pellet. Is to evaluate the environment and try to minimize ongoing exposure to things that could further irritate the stemming. To cut medium size slices as carrots need to be the problem the! Ails you, even if we can not explain why they work purple or red color... That attaches the coffin bone to the air passages ( bronchitis ) easily spread it to other.! Ingenious explanation for why mustard or pickle juice works to relax leg cramps the rest of the as... Not unusual for a horse to cough once or twice as he begins exercising the of! Issue could be something physical piece of hay or straw, says Buechner-Maxwell be needed to make the is.
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